European Sociological Review Advance Access originally published online on March 25, 2008
European Sociological Review 2009 25(4):399-410; doi:10.1093/esr/jcn022
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Explaining Social Class Inequalities in Smoking: The Role of Education, Self-Efficacy, and Deprivation
Christopher T. Whelan, The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Whitaker Square, Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin 2.
Correspondence: Richard Layte (to whom correspondence should be addressed), The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Whitaker Square, Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin 2. Tel: (+353) 1 8632014; Fax: (+353) 1 8632100; Email: Richard.layte{at}esri.ie
Rates of smoking have decreased dramatically in most Northern European countries over the last 50 years or so, but manual working class groups are substantially more likely to smoke daily than are the professional and managerial classes. This article examines three hypotheses about the processes producing these inequalities. The first argues that social class inequalities reflect differences across education groups in knowledge of the risks of smoking. The second suggests that the living conditions of lower social class groups leads to the development of lower self-efficacy and a lower propensity to quit smoking. The third states that smoking has a functional use among poorer individuals. This article draws upon data from the Republic of Ireland to assess these hypotheses. Our analysis provides some support for the first hypothesis in that education independently reduces the odds of a manual class person smoking relative to a non-manual by 12 per cent. The second hypothesis is not supported by the data. The third hypothesis gains the most support: measures of disadvantage and deprivation account for almost one-third of the class differential in smoking. The results suggest that smoking cessation policy should reflect the importance of social and economic context in quitting behaviour.
Manuscript received: September 1, 2006.